Category Archives: Evidence

Intermediate Scrutiny for January 5, 2024

Appeals, Defamation, Editorial, Evidence, Tennessee Public Participation Act, Uncategorized

ScotBlog Readers:

The delinquent editor of this unreliably updated blog has started a new project: A weekly newsletter devoted to Tennessee Court of Appeals opinions.  The first version is reprinted below, though future versions won’t be published here.  If you like what you see, you can subscribe here: https://horwitz.law/intermediate-scrutiny-blog-signup-form/.

A snappy weekly newsletter from the lawyers at Horwitz Law, PLLC summarizing the week’s decisions from the Tennessee Court of Appeals.

January 1–5, 2024

  • “Extremely intoxicated, hostile, and belligerent” Army lieutenant makes a series of increasingly poor decisions. After a night out drinking at a bar during a bachelor party, he removes his shirt, places it on the ground, and starts urinating on it. He then gets himself arrested and charged with public intoxication, resisting arrest, and assault on a police officer. Afterward, he engages in extensive Facebook messenger correspondence with his “companion” from the evening—distinct from his “then-girlfriend, now wife”—in an attempt to ascertain what happened, and she tells him exactly how intoxicated, aggressive, and violent he was. The Secretariat of bad judgment then sues his arresting officers “for defamation and negligence per se” (claiming, among other things, “that he was not intoxicated, aggressive, or violent when he was arrested”). During the litigation, he repeatedly conceals and otherwise lies about his damning correspondence with his “companion,” which he alternately claims did not exist, he forgot about, his wife told him to delete, and/or was work product created at the direction of his attorney. Davidson County Circuit Court: Your “blatant prevarication and misconduct warrants the most severe sanctions,” so you are ordered to pay over $60,000 in fees and costs, and all of your claims are dismissed with prejudice. Tennessee Court of Appeals: And those sanctions “were directly related to the discovery abuses and were not excessive under the circumstances.” (DAH)
  • After Husband and Wife divorce, Wife sues Husband based on a provision of their marital dissolution agreement that says she gets half the equity in their formerly shared home “when the house sells.” Chancery Court for Montgomery County: Wife gets half the equity as of the date of the Parties’ divorce in 2019. Tennessee Court of Appeals: No, wife gets half the equity as of the date of the house’s sale in 2023. But Husband gets an unjust enrichment credit for the twenty-two consecutive monthly payments that he has already paid Wife based on their alleged oral agreement about the amount of her equity interest, even though the agreement violates the statute of frauds. This case is otherwise remanded so Husband can introduce evidence about improvements and other expenditures he made and so Wife can introduce evidence that she’s entitled to reimbursement for her rent because Husband kicked her out before the house was sold. Also, the relevant provision of the Parties’ “not a model of clarity” MDA—which resulted from “the parties’ self-drafting of a form document they obtained from an unknown source”—is internally inconsistent, so this entire opinion is declared non-citable. (DAH)
  • Homeowner contracts with Contractor to build a “log home.” Contractor contracts with Subcontractor to provide some labor and materials. Subcontractor: I did more than $60,000 of work for which Contractor never paid me, so I’m entitled to payment from Homeowner, who flipped the property (which cost $382,000.00 to build) for a cool $1.5 million after construction was completed. Tennessee Court of Appeals: Not yet you aren’t. Although Tennessee law allows unpaid subcontractors to file unjust enrichment claims against property owners, they have to exhaust their available remedies against the contractors with whom they were in privity first, and getting a default judgment against the deadbeat contractor without demonstrating that you can’t collect on it isn’t exhaustive enough. (DAH)
  • Company sues Employees for holding events using the company’s name and failing to remit proceeds. During the litigation, Employees’ counsel “inadvertently included”—twice—a privileged email from one of the Employees in his trial court filings. Employees’ counsel then continues to file the privileged email in the court record and “discusses the substance and contents of the email at length” at least twice more after that. Employees: Company shouldn’t get to use the privileged email, particularly because Company “trap[ped]” us into making a bunch of apparently false statements using information gleaned from it. Tennessee Court of Appeals: It’s true that Tennessee Code Annotated § 23-3-105 subjected the email to the attorney-client privilege. But Tennessee Rule of Evidence 502 requires privilege holders to take “reasonable steps to prevent disclosure,” and repeatedly filing and citing the email was definitely not that, so the email is now admissible. The waiver of privilege is limited to the email alone, though; it doesn’t extend to “any undisclosed communications concerning the same subject matter.” (DAH)
  • Company A initiates arbitration proceeding against Companies B and C, wins, and then petitions the Davidson County Chancery Court to confirm the arbitration award. Companies B and C: Hold on, we didn’t even know the proceeding existed until we received the motion to confirm the award! Davidson County Chancery Court: That’s too bad; you all objected too late, so the arbitration award is confirmed. Tennessee Court of Appeals: Actually, because “absence of notice may warrant vacatur under the [Federal Arbitration Act],” the award is vacated for now, in part because Company A failed to include a ton of information in the appellate record that would allow us to determine when notice was provided. On remand, the trial court must determine both whether one of the companies even agreed to arbitrate and when the companies actually received notice of the arbitration, too. (DAH)
  • Father and Stepmother sue to terminate Mother’s parental rights over Child. Father/Stepmother: Child lives with us, and Mother hasn’t seen her or supported her in years, among other issues. Chancery Court for Sumner County: And those are both valid grounds for termination, but Tennessee’s termination of parental rights statutes recognize “that terminating an unfit parent’s parental rights is not always in the child’s best interests,” and it is not in Child’s best interest here. Tennessee Court of Appeals: “Upon review of the evidence, we agree with the trial court’s assessment and findings.” (Editorial note: Mother nearly had her parental rights terminated because she waived multiple potentially valid defenses, which Tennessee law really should not allow.) (DAH)

A victory for Horwitz Law, PLLC client Theresa Baldwin! In 2022, Ms. Baldwin was sued for a cornucopia of speech-based tort claims after she criticized two adults (one of them an oft-sanctioned lawyer) who took her minor daughter into their home and elsewhere against Ms. Baldwin’s instructions to stay away. And because—after more than a year of litigation—the Plaintiffs failed to establish any element of their various claims, the Tennessee Public Participation Act means that Ms. Baldwin wins and gets to recover her legal fees. Read the Circuit Court of Robertson County’s Order Granting Defendant’s Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-104(a) Petition to Dismiss the Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint Pursuant to the Tennessee Public Participation Act here: https://horwitz.law/wp-content/uploads/2022-247-Order-Granting-TPPA-Petition.pdf.

Tennessee Supreme Court Examines What is “Knowing” in “Severe Child Abuse” Law

Evidence

By David L. Hudson, Jr.

The Tennessee Supreme Court unanimously reversed a Tennessee Court of Appeals opinion that had found there was clear and convincing evidence that both parents of a young infant found with 22 rib fractures had committed “severe child abuse.”   Instead, the state high court found in In Re Markus E. that there was insufficient evidence that the parents’ actions or omissions were “knowing.”

The case involved a prematurely born infant – known in court papers as Markus E. – who suffered from a variety of ailments, including neonatal Graves disease, an overactive thyroid condition, chronic subdural hematomas, bronchitis and — most disturbingly – 22 rib fractures.

A child abuse specialist at Vanderbilt determined that the likely cause of the fractures was child abuse.  Because of this diagnosis, the Department of Children’s Services (DCS) got involved and ultimately sought a termination of the parental rights of both the mother and father of Markus E.

In September 2015, a juvenile court in Davidson County found Markus E. to be a dependent and neglected child.  The parents appealed the dependency and neglect finding to circuit court. While this appeal was pending, DCS moved to terminate both parent’s parental rights.  Ultimately, in May 2019, a trial court issued a 73-page opinion granting DCS’s petition to terminate the parental rights of both parents. The court credited expert testimony that the rib fractures were caused by child abuse.  The Tennessee Court of Appeals also found clear and convincing evidence to support the ground of severe child abuse as to both parents.

On appeal, the Tennessee Supreme Court reversed in its May 19, 2023. Writing for the majority, Justice Holly Kirby explained that to terminate parental rights, a party, such as DCS in this case, must first establish a ground of termination and then show that termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the child.

DCS sought two grounds in this case: (1) severe child abuse for both parents; and (2) substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan by the mother.

The bulk of the Tennessee Supreme Court’s analysis examined what is “knowing” within the meaning of the “severe child abuse” statute in Tennessee.   The statute defines “severe child abuse” as follows:

The knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to protect a child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death and the knowing use of force on a child that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death.

Kirby explained that “a parent’s failure to protect can be considered knowing if the parent was deliberately ignorant, as where the parent avoids actual knowledge of the abuse or neglect but is aware of facts, circumstances, or information that would put a reasonable parent on notice of the risk and the need to protect the child.”

She added that a person can knowingly commit severe child abuse “when he or she is either in deliberate ignorance of or in reckless disregard of the information that has been presented to him or her.”

She also explained that in these type cases, “the evidence shows that one parent inflicted the abuse and the other parent failed to protect the child from it.”

Kirby noted that Markus E. suffered many physical injuries and problems and that there was no finding that these were non-accidental, inflicted injuries.”  The mother, in fact, had taken her child to a variety of hospitals and health care providers when she had custody.   Furthermore, Kirby wrote that “[b]ecause rib fractures are not necessarily accompanied by external bruising or other identifiable body damage, the source of the pain, even from an acute or recent injury, may not be obvious.”

Kirby concluded that “the evidence in the record does not clearly and convincingly show that the failure of Mother and Father to protect Markus from the non-accidental rib fractures was ‘knowing.’”

Justice Sarah Campbell wrote a short concurring opinion that agreed with nearly all of Justice Kirby’s analysis.  However, Campbell wrote that in interpreting legislature purpose, the emphasis must be on the statutory text: “My only point of disagreement with the majority opinion is its suggestion that statutory interpretation requires consideration of a statute’s purposes and objectives separate and apart from its text.”

Questions about this article?  Contact daniel [at] horwitz.law.

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In controversial 3-2 decision, Tennessee Supreme Court affirms death penalty conviction that is virtually certain to be overturned by a federal court.

Constitutional Law, Criminal Procedure, Evidence, , , ,

By Daniel A. Horwitz

Like all capital cases, the circumstances of Starr Harris’s death were horrific.  On June 1, 2010, Ms. Harris was brutally murdered in the woods outside her home.  The cause of her death was “strangulation associated with blunt force injuries,” and her body exhibited signs of “extensive trauma to [her] neck and [her] upper torso.”  Ms. Harris also had a “gaping” laceration on the right side of her head with a skull fracture beneath it.  There was blood under two of Ms. Harris’s fingernails, providing evidence of a struggle.  Additionally, the front of Ms. Harris’s shirt had been ripped open while her bra had been pulled down to her waist—possibly suggesting evidence of rape.  It goes without saying that the senseless brutality of Ms. Harris’s murder defies explanation.

Based on a combination of Ms. Harris’s phone records and the testimony of a FedEx employee who had unsuccessfully attempted to deliver a package to her on the afternoon of her death, the time of Ms. Harris’s murder was pegged sometime between 1:30 p.m. and 2:16 p.m.  Unfortunately, there were no witnesses to Ms. Harris’s murder, and no direct evidence indicated who might have committed it.  As is common in murder cases, however, Ms. Harris’s husband—Thomas Harris—was immediately investigated as a suspect.

The investigation that followed quickly gave rise to substantial suspicious evidence.  First, the special agent investigating Ms. Harris’s murder noticed visible scratches on Mr. Harris’s hand and left forearm that could have been consistent with a struggle.  Further, several gray hairs that were collected from Ms. Harris’s left hand were believed to be her husband’s.  Mr. Harris’s DNA was also found in samples obtained from Ms. Harris’s rape kit.  Even more strangely, phone records reflected that Mr. Harris’s cellphone had been “inactive” from 1:32 p.m. to 2:19 p.m. on June 1, 2010—which was precisely the time period when Ms. Harris was believed to have been killed.  Moreover, it soon became clear that Mr. Harris had been having an extramarital affair with another woman at the time of Ms. Harris’s death.  In fact, it turned out that Mr. Harris had lied to Ms. Harris on the day that she was killed while simultaneously planning a tryst with his ex-wife that evening.  Significantly, Mr. Harris also failed to mention any of this in multiple written statements that he gave to police.

The death penalty trial that followed—and the Tennessee Supreme Court’s controversial 3-2 decision to affirm it—paints a vivid picture of America’s catastrophically broken system of capital punishment.  Continue reading In controversial 3-2 decision, Tennessee Supreme Court affirms death penalty conviction that is virtually certain to be overturned by a federal court. →

Tennessee Supreme Court Holds that a Witness’s Claim of Memory Loss Concerning Prior Statements Can Trigger Hearsay Exceptions and that Inconsistent Verdicts Are Acceptable

Criminal Procedure, Evidence, ,

Guest Post by Memphis Attorney Neil Umsted

A witness’ claimed lack of memory at trial, whether legitimate or feigned, will trigger a number of rules that can allow that witness’ prior statements to be introduced as substantive evidence, the Tennessee Supreme Court held in State v. Marlo Davis, W2011-01548-SC-R11-CD.  Moreover, the Court held that so-called “inconsistent verdicts” will not, standing alone, entitle a defendant to any relief.

Marlo Davis was indicted along with a co-defendant for felony murder and premeditated murder—alternative theories of guilt for the homicide of a single victim. At trial, one of the State’s key witnesses, Jarcquise Spencer, testified that he did not recall witnessing the shooting, that he did not recall identifying the Defendant as the shooter in a statement to police, and that he did not recall testifying at the preliminary hearing in the case.  The trial court, convinced that Spencer was feigning his memory loss, allowed the State to introduce Spencer’s prior statements and prior testimony as proof of the defendant’s guilt.

Continue reading Tennessee Supreme Court Holds that a Witness’s Claim of Memory Loss Concerning Prior Statements Can Trigger Hearsay Exceptions and that Inconsistent Verdicts Are Acceptable →